De Stijl 

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De Stijl movement was founded in the Netherlands .

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From 1917 - 1931

The term 'De Stijl' is a Dutch term for 'The style'

The two pioneers of the movement were artists by the names of:

Piet Mondrian & Theo van Doesburg (Steyn)

De Stijl focused on the simplification of art and life in all aspects.

It was the Utopian idea of spiritual harmony and order. They digested every element of art and deconstructed it to make it as pure as possible.

Expressing harmony is believed to be the law of the universe and everything was righteous - they believed their work was a pure path to the truth in all perspectives.

In doing this they stripped down art to its barest/purest & lived according to this too.

Chaos was too complicated and had no place in the world they had an idea for, an ordered world. (Steyn)

Simplifying everything - in Art: How they do this is by using

The 3 primary colours only

Blue

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Red

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Yellow

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With these three colours, you are able to create any colour and non of the other colours can create these colours.

After it being established and after a few years of its existence, other forms of art adapted the De Stijl Aesthetics,

Architecture

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Furniture

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In terms of form they resorted only to 90 degree angled shapes, 

Rectangles

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Squares

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The reason behind this is because all you need is line and angle to complete the figure, using only vertical and horizontal lines.

Piet Mondrian

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Born: 7 March 1872

in Amersfoort Netherlands 

Mondrian was a theorist artist and writer, He believed that art reflected the underlying spirituality of all things organic. He simplified the subjects of his paintings down to the most barest components, in order to reveal the essence of the mystical energy in the balance of forces that governed nature and the universe.

part of why the reason why Mondrian made everything in rectangles and squares, everything is parallel and two sides have to have the exact length in distance. (Hughes,2017)

His use of asymmetrical balance and a simplified pictorial style were crucial in the development of modern art, the development of art and his iconic abstract works remain influential in all forms of design and familiar in, not only contemporary art nut also in today's popular culture to this day.

 (Hughes,2017)

Biblography

Hughes,R.2017. Piet Mondrian Artist. Available:http://www.theartstory.org/artist-mondrian-piet.htm [Accessed on 19 May 2017]

Steyn. D, 2016. ACHG200, De Stijl. Pearson Institute of Higher Education

Surrealism

Surrealism

Surrealism is an visual art and written movement that was begun in the 20th century, around the early 19th century - 1920's
The surrealism movement was a movement that based their beliefs on the superior reality of certain forms of association neglected power of the conscious.


Andre Brenton was the founder and chief promoter of the movement,  insisted that art and life could be renewed by reconnecting with the forbidden area of the mind - where chance, desire, dreams, coincidence and memory would meet. (Steyn,2016)

 The manifesto consisted mostly of poetry and imagination literature,  rather than your traditional visual arts. (Steyn,2016)
It went down as the liberation of art - Things are holding art back, rationality,  conscious and control.
Ideas are controlled, meaning they're not free.

Conscious vs Sub Conscious - Iceberg jpg

Everything was based on the dream world and how could one unlock that side of the brain and express it visually or in literature. The the sub-conscious photographic mind allowed them to express itself.
In this they challenged logic and reason it's not what they believed it to be - they portrayed it in their art, when the movement had more and more active members.

Surrealism was similar to DADA but, in their case it was more positive in spirit and light in terms of challenging the norms of society and status quo.

Brenton's early definition of surrealism is pure psychic automism.
They were heavily influenced by the psychoanalysis - they hoped the power of the psyche would reveal the contradictions of the real world, that couldn't be uncovered by the conscious mind - and what we are about to uncover would change the world we live in, also the perception of art in general.
All in all the surrealist wanted to explore the sub-conscious cause there is more to yourself than you know, or that the conscious mind exposes.

The crux of their art was how one can re-envision the dream world into a manifestation of fine or applied arts. (Somebody, 2016)

Salvador Dali

Salvador Dali Portrait

Was a versatile and prolific artist in history and today, he was heavily influenced by the cubist movement and one other prolific artist, Pablo Picasso & Sigmund Freud. (Steyn, 2016)
He mastered the arts of - sculpting, printmaking, advertising, writing and filmmaking. He became part of the surrealism movement when he moved to Paris in the1920s. (Gibson,2017)

His paintings were of paranoia and what happens when you wake before having a dream. Most of his work started to take a more surrealistic approach when he delved into the art of symbolism and the extended concept of the subconscious, and later got deeply into the concept of 'critical paranoia' which he explains as a state in which one could cultivate delusion while maintaining your sanity. (Steyn, 2016)

The Melting Watch - Salvador Dali

That's when most of his works started to take on a more illustrative element to them, and encorporated more of the dream world type of style the surrealists painted.
Dali's Hyper-realistic style was hard to dictate even for himself the style was consistent but he grew more into many ideas at the same time which made his work soo Intriguing. (Gibson, 2017)

salvador-dali-soft-construction-with-boiled-beans

Bibliography

Gibson, I. 2017 - Artist; Salvador Dali. http://www.theartstory.org/artist-dali-salvador.htm
Accessed: [10 May 2017]

Steyn. D, 2016. ACHG200 Early Modernism: Surrealism. Pearson Institute of Higher Education

DADA

Which artifact or artistic object or piece represent the Dadaist movement:

Marcel Duchamp - collage

The Dadaist movement was an artistic and literature movement that originated in Zurich Switzerland in the early 20th century.

It developed as an outbreak of when the first world war broke out, It sprung after them rejecting the world in general.
it was an avant-garde movement that was influenced by other movements of the time, like expressionism, cubism, futurism and constructivism movements
The movement was a joint group of artists and literates who disliked and did not conform to the logic of what was happening at the time, the reasoning behind everything that was going on, and aesthetics of the contemporary capitalist society

As their alternative they followed a way of believing and showing a sense of ideologies that goes against things that make sense and cause chaos.
Their thesis was to base their reasoning on irrationality, they judge other ideologies - their ideology shamed other existing ideologies of the time, their basis of knowledge was expressing nonsense, and anti bourgeoisie protests in their ways.
Which was also very evident in their work.

The Dada artists showed their rage against war and violence in their artworks or arts - they disliked the idea of nationalism and the capitalist society - which they believed were the precursor of the first world war. (Trachtman. P, 2017)

Ground breakers - Dada was the first conceptual art movement not to have aesthetically pleasing to the eye, artworks, to present to the public but the overall meaning was what was more important - due to the fact that they challenged the bourgeois sensibilities and ideals, and opposed the social norms or modern society and the traditional art basis.

RAOUL HAUSMANN (1886-1971)
'ABCD' 1920 (collage)

This is one of the DADA artists form of expression in a from of a poster made by Raoul Hansmann in 1920. This is one example of, what they called 'sound poems' and were presented visually but real and meant to be understood by using audio or by saying what you see.its evident that the DADA movement was a significant precursor of abstract art and sound poetry.
In this form of artwork they denied the traditional way of making and interpreting posters or visual arts as a whole (Trachtman. P, 2017)

Artist Focus:

Marcel Duchamp was a French artist born - July 28, 1887 - died 1968.
He was the first known artist to use a ready made object and called it an artwork of his own. 
he used monikers to dub his work,. He was one of the few artists artists to revolutionize the whole perspective of art in society and the world, he helped develop an insightful way to see and believe art., how is art defined by society and by the artist him or herself - these are the types of things that motivated Duchamp to make his art, and the way he did it.
At the time it was very outlandish and very oblique, but to him he was redefining art as a whole - a primary example of this was 'Fountain', 1917.

Duchamp (a.k.a. R. Mutt), The Fountain, 1917 (photo taken by A. Stieglitz of the original "Fountain")

The art piece was signed and dated: R. Mutt - 1917 - R. Mutt was the moniker he used on this one.

Fountain was undoubtedly one of Duchamp's most significantly relevant and most famous work and is widely seen across the world as an iconic and pivotal art piece to the 20th century

the urinal piece was definitely going to offend a lot of artist and movements of the time, but that was exactly why he did it to, challenge societal and traditional norms (Howarth, S. 2015)

him using a ready made urinal and submitting it in an art gallery was him, challenging the norms, of what is art and why do we call everything in a gallery art, and if so, the urinal by R. Mutt is art too then.

He submitted as R. Mutt because this name was not recognized in the art industry and this would test the  openness of the board that was running the gallery it was submitted at, if it was submitted by Duchamp himself the response would have been different.

The name, Mutt came from 'Mott works' which was a large sanitary equipment company.

 

Bibliography

Howarth. S, 2015.Duchamp fountain. available at:http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/duchamp-fountain-t07573 [accessed on 8 April 2017]

Trachtman. P, 2017. Abrief History of Dada. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/dada-115169154, [Accessed on the 8 April 2017]

Steyn.D.2017. Class notes

Expressionism

Is a German modernistic art movement started in the early 20th century, 

came into being when they got more concerned with expressing their feelings on an occurrence or object than with creating a photo realistic painting 

They used very exaggerated colours, aggressive brush strokes and distortion to paint, to evoke emotion to the viewers and disrupt the mood of people who are receiving the painting. 

They sought to show the meaning of emotional experience on to the viewer rather than the physical and real world.

Their goal was to evokethe subjectivity responses that the artist has to objects and events.
This movement came about from a reaction to society values that continued at the turn of the 20th ceentury, no of them were painting the traditional adademic style of art - they felt that it was time for change.
They became the avant garde movement for all non-traditional artists
Expressionism was a very personal movemnent, that was more spiritually than alot of art movements at the time.

Die Brucke - (The Bridge)
the fountainhead of German expressionism
They drew inspiration from Freidrich Nietzsche - Nylonism - believing your going to die anyway, but you must be your best to trancend into the greater you.

Their work some elements of primitivism - because to the europeans, this was taboo or was regarded as bad. Their view on it was because it was more natural and truthful to themselves than the europeans who want to believe in their perfect lie and discarding the truth.
they exploited the primitive art style to gain attention from the masses.

Der Blaue Reiter (The blue writer)

This was the spirituality of art.
their beliefs were structured around the idea of colour and form carried concrete spiritual values.
They mis-matched colours on objects because the colours carried certain moods to them. soo if an apple was painted blue it would mean the the painter was feeling a certain was cause blue represented a certain spiritual value

Bibliography

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/expressionism.htm

Class Notes

'WE ARE THE FUTURISTS AND WILL BE HEARD'

'WHO WE ARRR!' We are the Futurist movement ! An Italian avant garde movement founded in the early 20th century - Feb 20, 1909. Our role leader or the front liner was an artist and writer by the name - Fillipo Tommaso Marienetti.

We love the rush and are pumping with the youth that indulged in the art of writing and painting, our blood rushes with love for sound, speed, technology and the idea of modernity & VIOLENCE!

WE love the industrial world ranging from everything technological like, cars, the city, aeroplanes and machinery, this idea gives my body chills and makes me want to scream for for enjoyment - this to us is euphoria!

'MOSHPIT! MOSHPIT! MOSHPIT!'

We have an obsession for movement and we are very much intrigued by this phenomena - this is also why our art is heavily influenced by viability.

The aesthetic of speed,  the complexities of technology, disrupt noise and the mechanical energy of modern, industrial world.

Its dynamic and has a rushing energy of modernity (bodies in motion)

Everything should be fast! Have movement and rush because in order to defy the norms of the past we must move forward and forth to the future, until we achieve this end-state we will not stop! Even if it means war, which we are totally up for!

War in itself is an art, we need to stop living in the past!

We Glorify the future the conventional arts - The modern arts are incapable of of capturing the essance of the new reality in something radically innovative and fresh to the people who are soo trapped by the past.

We are frustrated by the traditional norms and state of things, of having to live in history and glorifying Italy's past with museums and libraries and all that crap!

We look forward to war, Marienetti felt the only way to be closer to our dreams is to contest the system and fight, a fight that would result in a war!

At around this time WWI (world war 1) was on its horizon and felt it suited absolutely great if they went to war, because its war time. 

Our primary focus was to convince people, and our revolution was to achieve clarity and justice in the flthe arts and society

'THEY DONT WANNA HEAR US!'  When we say Italy is not great anymore we are at the bottom of the pit, we are nothing and we forever be nothing if we keep living through our past! That's why we stain the past and wish it not be anymore! 

Italy was not hearing us, they reject the machine age and don't recognise our motives, saying what we do is outlandish and will result in an entirely new world order and even a renewed/different state of consciousness

Our whole motive is influenced by politics and war - we go down in history as one of the most politicised art movements in the 20th century.

We make politics and art one thing, whether it be in a form of written poetry or literature or a giant sculpture or a work of art like paintings and graphic designs.

We produce art that is filled with geometric angular forms, that are also repeated alot, the use of bright colours and vivid images that give an idea of vibrancy and variability, its non stop, constant flow of movement.

The political agendas we follow are said to be too strong to be translated to the officials, soo we translate it through our art to get our message across they way we want it to and have more of an intimate affect on the people receiving it.

Reference:

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/wwi-dada/art-great-war/a/italian-futurism-an-introduction

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism

The Glasgow Four and Viennese Secession

The Glasgow Four and Vinesse Secession

The Glasgow Four comprised of:

Charles R. Macintosh
(7 June 1868 – 10 December 1928)
Was the leading foreman in the Glasgow style when it was developed
they paved way for other art styles like modenism and minimalism.
Architecture and painting were the forms of art that were on the rise at the time, and were beginning to be renown in Glasgow.
His influence in the arts and crafts in scottland was marginally influencial to the Glasgow style and for the fourthcomming generations as well.

He was very talented in the styles he did, which were: Architecture, painting decorative arts and design - such as poster design and textile design.

The four had inspirations like - Aubrey Beardsley and Jan Toorop - their work has a hard reflection of those artists, the way they demonstrated their work was also influenced by the European contemporary arts / which they were into.

Their style consisted of celtic imagery with motifs of lettering,  inspired by carvings from seventeenth century tombstones.




lyrical original, and symbolic complexity bold simple lines, defined flat  panes of colour

Herbert Mcnair
(December 23, 1868 – April 22, 1955)

Was an artist that was born in Scotland - he was a Designer of many styles such as: making furniture, designing illustrations in books and designing posters.
Herbert was a teacher who a had major contribution to the Glasgow style in the 19th century
in fact one of the founders, with Charles R. Macintosh and the two MacDonald sisters.

Herbert was influenced by the Arts & Crafts movement and European movements such as Art Nouveau and symbolism


Glasgow Siters

Margret McDonald

Frances McDonald

Were the artists that were renown in the


Viennese Secession

(Formed in 1987)
This movement comprised of multiple disciplines Architect's, painters and sculptors.
There is not one style that comprises of everybody's art style - meaning
this was every individual artist putting their work out and letting people indulge in it, the movement did not mean that everybody had an artistic contribution to one anothers work, they all did their work individually and made it clear that their styles were not of the historicist / traditional art style, it was more of bridging the gap between Applied Arts and Traditional Art.

It started with a group of artists who were all I'm the the Union of Austrian Artists, but left to create a revolution in the art world, they left with a purpose to rediscover the art for the future.

They represented a protest of the younger generation against traditional art (historicism) / their main objective was to bridge the gap between traditional arts and applied arts.
To rediscover art as a whole in saying traditional art is not the only form of art there is and is taken as serious as it is.
The young

Art Nouveau - (Translated New Art)

Art Nouveau was an academic system which dominated art education from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century.

Their main ambition or goal was to see the distinction between the fine arts and applied arts being challenged.
In doing so Art Nouveau became an international style of art eventually - most of their works were accustomed as applied arts but ranged from decorative art - Jewellery, furniture, textiles and household utensils.   Architecture, Graphic art, interior design and academic art.
These many forms of applied arts fused with fine arts resulted in this being named a total art style.

Their primary goal was established and needed to be fulfilled - they helped bridge the gap between fine and applied arts.
This was basically going against tradition because in the nineteenth century. It was seen as a modern style of art, and neglected the traditions of the fine arts - but really part of the reasons why it was instilled was to give all artists of all art form a spotlight or way to survive through their distinctive art style.

Was one of the first styles to go continental and in the later stages of time - International

Lithography played a huge influence in the molding of the Art Nouveau style - this made it famous in other terms

Japanism - influenced a lot about Art Nouveau [ Japanese art ]
from woodblock printing.
In a lot of Art Nouveau arts, Japanese woodblock printing was evident in their works, and also artists confessed in saying Japanese style of art influenced their work


Hokusai - Wave

blogs.crdp-limousin.fr
Hokusai - The Wave

It demonstrated organic forms to its full extent making it seamlessly have flow within the artworks crested - they had natural and clear rainy images, which became extremely popular in Europe at the time this was happening

Their use of colour - the way they used their colours made their artworks focal point the drawing it self rather than the colours to extenuate the artwork - They mainly made their colours, flat,  saturated and used arbitrary colours.
They intentionally made colour flat and made the focal point line and patterning.

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Alfonse Mucha

Artists that influenced Art Nouveau

Alphonse Mucha

One of the pioneering artists that influenced Art Nouveau - Alphonse style of work was not just beautiful to the eye but was also at times controversial.

He worked producing Illustrations for the advertising world
Mucha was soo pivotal to the movement they even called it the New Art
He had a decorative art style that incorporated all aspects covered about Art Nouveau / He mainly used female figures and elongated hair / surrounded by natural flowing elements like Flowers.

He believed the woman's body was more organic.

Sources Consulted